市政污水处理Municipal wastewater treatment
市政污水处理厂：在线仪表与脱水设备的典型配置Municipal wastewater treatment plants: typical instrument and dewatering configuration
市政污水厂的核心在线测量点是进出水 COD/氨氮、曝气池溶解氧与 MLSS、出水浊度，污泥段则按绝干污泥量配置脱水设备。The core online measuring points in a municipal plant are influent and effluent COD and ammonia, aeration tank dissolved oxygen and MLSS, and effluent turbidity; the sludge line is sized by dry solids load.
工艺段与测量点
- 进水段：COD、氨氮、流量、pH、电导率，用于负荷核算与工艺调整。
- 生物段（曝气池）：溶解氧、MLSS、ORP、温度，用于曝气控制与污泥浓度管理。
- 二沉池：污泥界面或泥位、出水浊度与悬浮物。
- 出水段：COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷、pH、流量，用于达标监测与数据上报。
- 污泥段：浓缩池泥位、脱水机进泥浓度与流量、泥饼含水率。
选型要点
- 曝气池溶解氧建议优先选荧光法，减少维护量；
- MLSS 测量必须做重量法比对标定，且污泥性质变化时需重新标定；
- 出水浊度按排放限值选择量程与分辨率，并配置自清洗；
- COD、氨氮在线仪要提前落实试剂成本与废液处置渠道；
- 脱水设备按绝干污泥量选型，并核对进泥浓度与运行时长。
常见配套
在线 pH/ORP、溶解氧、MLSS、浊度、COD、氨氮仪表与变送器；叠螺式污泥脱水机、污泥浓缩机、絮凝剂制备投加装置、进泥泵与泥饼输送机；PLC 与低压控制柜、变频器、仪表安装支架与流通池。
说明：以下为典型工况与常见配置思路的整理，用于选型参考，不代表任何特定项目的业绩或承诺。实际配置需按现场水质、水量与排放要求确定。
Stages and measuring points
- Influent: COD, ammonia, flow, pH and conductivity for load calculation and process adjustment.
- Biological stage: dissolved oxygen, MLSS, ORP and temperature for aeration control and sludge concentration management.
- Secondary clarifier: sludge blanket level, effluent turbidity and suspended solids.
- Effluent: COD, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH and flow for compliance monitoring and reporting.
- Sludge line: thickener level, feed concentration and flow to the dewatering machine, and cake moisture.
Selection points
- Prefer optical dissolved oxygen in aeration tanks to reduce maintenance.
- MLSS must be calibrated against gravimetric analysis and recalibrated when sludge character changes.
- Choose effluent turbidity range and resolution against the discharge limit and provide self-cleaning.
- Settle reagent cost and waste disposal routes for COD and ammonia analysers in advance.
- Size dewatering equipment by dry solids load, checking feed concentration and operating hours.
Typical scope
Online pH/ORP, dissolved oxygen, MLSS, turbidity, COD and ammonia instruments and transmitters; screw-press dehydrators, sludge thickeners, flocculant preparation and dosing units, feed pumps and cake conveyors; PLCs and low-voltage control cabinets, inverters, instrument brackets and flow cells.
Note: the following is a summary of typical duties and common configuration approaches for selection reference. It does not represent the track record of any specific project or any commitment. Actual configuration must follow on-site water quality, flow and discharge requirements.
常见配套Typical scope在线 pH/ORP、溶解氧、MLSS、浊度、COD、氨氮仪表；叠螺式污泥脱水机、污泥浓缩机、加药装置；PLC、变频器、低压控制柜Online pH/ORP, DO, MLSS, turbidity, COD and ammonia instruments; screw-press dehydrators, thickeners, dosing units; PLCs, inverters, LV control panels
自来水与二次供水Drinking water and secondary supply
自来水厂与二次供水：在线水质监测的典型配置Waterworks and secondary supply: typical online water-quality monitoring configuration
饮用水重点关注浊度、余氯、pH 与微生物相关指标，在线监测以浊度与余氯为主，并需定期与实验室方法比对。Drinking water focuses on turbidity, residual chlorine, pH and microbiologically related parameters. Online monitoring centres on turbidity and residual chlorine, with periodic comparison against laboratory methods.
核心测量点
- 出厂水与管网：余氯、浊度、pH、电导率；
- 滤池与沉淀池出水：浊度（低量程，需要高分辨率与洁净光学窗口）；
- 加药段：pH、流量，用于混凝剂投加控制；
- 二次供水泵房：余氯、浊度、液位与压力。
选型要点
- 浊度建议按 ISO 7027 红外法选，并关注低量程分辨率；
- 余氯在线测量以电极法为主，须配置稳定流速的流通池，并定期用 DPD 法比对；
- 余氯电极要关注 pH 与温度补偿，避免读数偏差；
- 户外与泵房安装注意防护等级、遮阳与凝露。
常见配套
低量程浊度仪、余氯电极与变送器、pH/电导率仪表、流通池与安装支架、液位计与压力变送器、数据采集与远程通信设备。
说明：以下为典型工况与常见配置思路的整理，用于选型参考，不代表任何特定项目的业绩或承诺。实际配置需按现场水质、水量与排放要求确定。
Core measuring points
- Works outlet and network: residual chlorine, turbidity, pH and conductivity.
- Filter and clarifier outlet: turbidity (low range, demanding high resolution and a clean optical window).
- Dosing stage: pH and flow for coagulant dosing control.
- Secondary supply pump rooms: residual chlorine, turbidity, level and pressure.
Selection points
- Choose turbidity on the ISO 7027 infrared method and watch low-range resolution.
- Online residual chlorine is mainly electrode-based and needs a flow cell with stable flow, plus periodic DPD cross-checks.
- Watch pH and temperature compensation on chlorine electrodes to avoid reading bias.
- Outdoor and pump-room installations need attention to ingress rating, shading and condensation.
Typical scope
Low-range turbidity meters, chlorine electrodes and transmitters, pH and conductivity instruments, flow cells and brackets, level and pressure transmitters, and data acquisition and remote communication equipment.
Note: the following is a summary of typical duties and common configuration approaches for selection reference. It does not represent the track record of any specific project or any commitment. Actual configuration must follow on-site water quality, flow and discharge requirements.
常见配套Typical scope低量程浊度仪、余氯电极与变送器、pH/电导率仪表、流通池、液位计、压力变送器Low-range turbidity meters, chlorine electrodes and transmitters, pH/conductivity instruments, flow cells, level and pressure transmitters
食品饮料废水Food and beverage wastewater
食品饮料加工废水：高有机物废水的测量与脱水配置Food and beverage wastewater: measurement and dewatering configuration for high-organic loads
食品废水有机物浓度高、含油含渣多，测量上要重视预处理与自清洗，污泥段要重视加药与除渣。Food industry effluent carries high organic load with grease and solids. Measurement needs pre-treatment and self-cleaning; the sludge line needs good dosing and screening.
工况特点
- COD 浓度高，可生化性好，多采用厌氧加好氧组合工艺；
- 含油脂、悬浮残渣与纤维，探头易污染、管道易堵塞；
- 水质水量随生产班次波动明显。
选型要点
- COD 在线仪需核对量程上限与氯离子掩蔽能力，并落实废液处置；
- 溶解氧与 MLSS 探头优先选自清洗型，并预留便于拆装的安装方式；
- 取样管路要有过滤与反洗设计，避免堵塞导致断样；
- 污泥脱水需先做好除渣与格栅，防止纤维缠绕与滤缝堵塞；
- 絮凝剂型号与投加量需按泥样做烧杯实验确定。
常见配套
COD 与氨氮在线分析仪、溶解氧与 MLSS 探头（带自清洗）、pH/ORP 仪表、流量计；叠螺式污泥脱水机、除渣与格栅设备、絮凝剂制备投加装置。
说明：以下为典型工况与常见配置思路的整理，用于选型参考，不代表任何特定项目的业绩或承诺。实际配置需按现场水质、水量与排放要求确定。
Duty characteristics
- High COD and good biodegradability, usually treated by combined anaerobic and aerobic processes.
- Grease, suspended residue and fibres foul probes and block pipework.
- Flow and load vary markedly with production shifts.
Selection points
- Confirm the upper range limit and chloride masking capacity of the online COD analyser and arrange waste disposal.
- Prefer self-cleaning dissolved oxygen and MLSS probes with installation that allows easy removal.
- Provide filtration and backwashing on sample lines to avoid blockages and sample loss.
- Provide screening and grit removal before dewatering to prevent fibre wrapping and gap clogging.
- Determine flocculant grade and dose by jar testing on the actual sludge.
Typical scope
Online COD and ammonia analysers, self-cleaning dissolved oxygen and MLSS probes, pH/ORP instruments and flow meters; screw-press dehydrators, screening and grit removal equipment, and flocculant preparation and dosing units.
Note: the following is a summary of typical duties and common configuration approaches for selection reference. It does not represent the track record of any specific project or any commitment. Actual configuration must follow on-site water quality, flow and discharge requirements.
常见配套Typical scopeCOD/氨氮在线分析仪、自清洗溶解氧与 MLSS 探头、pH/ORP 仪表、流量计、叠螺脱水机、格栅除渣、加药装置Online COD/ammonia analysers, self-cleaning DO and MLSS probes, pH/ORP instruments, flow meters, screw-press dehydrators, screens, dosing units
电镀与表面处理Electroplating and surface treatment
电镀与表面处理废水：强腐蚀与络合态重金属工况的测量要点Electroplating and surface treatment wastewater: measurement points for corrosive, complexed heavy-metal duties
电镀废水酸碱波动大、含强氧化剂与络合剂，对电极材质与测量方法的要求明显高于普通废水。Electroplating effluent shows wide pH swings and contains strong oxidants and complexing agents, so electrode materials and measuring methods matter more than for ordinary wastewater.
工况特点
- pH 波动剧烈，常伴随强酸强碱投加；
- 含氰化物、六价铬、络合态重金属等特征污染物；
- ORP 常用于破氰、还原等反应终点的判断。
选型要点
- pH 电极要按酸碱浓度与温度选玻璃与参比结构，含强氧化剂时避免普通参比被氧化；
- ORP 电极需定期清洁与检查，避免表面钝化导致响应变慢；
- 接液材质要核对耐腐蚀性，含氟离子的工况不能选用玻璃材质部件；
- 氧化还原反应段建议配置 ORP 与 pH 双参数，并与加药泵联动。
常见配套
耐强酸强碱 pH/ORP 电极与变送器、电导率仪、流量计、液位计；加药计量泵与控制系统、耐腐蚀管路与阀门、防爆或防腐电气附件。
说明：以下为典型工况与常见配置思路的整理，用于选型参考，不代表任何特定项目的业绩或承诺。实际配置需按现场水质、水量与排放要求确定。
Duty characteristics
- Wide pH swings with dosing of strong acids and alkalis.
- Characteristic pollutants such as cyanide, hexavalent chromium and complexed heavy metals.
- ORP is often used to judge endpoints of cyanide destruction and reduction reactions.
Selection points
- Select pH glass and reference construction for the acid/alkali concentration and temperature; avoid ordinary references where strong oxidants are present.
- Clean and inspect ORP electrodes regularly; surface passivation slows the response.
- Check corrosion resistance of wetted materials; glass components cannot be used where fluoride is present.
- Provide both ORP and pH at redox stages and interlock them with dosing pumps.
Typical scope
Acid- and alkali-resistant pH/ORP electrodes and transmitters, conductivity meters, flow meters and level transmitters; dosing pumps and control systems, corrosion-resistant piping and valves, and Ex or anti-corrosion electrical accessories.
Note: the following is a summary of typical duties and common configuration approaches for selection reference. It does not represent the track record of any specific project or any commitment. Actual configuration must follow on-site water quality, flow and discharge requirements.
常见配套Typical scope耐酸碱 pH/ORP 电极与变送器、电导率仪、流量计、液位计、加药计量泵、耐腐蚀管路阀门Acid/alkali-resistant pH/ORP electrodes and transmitters, conductivity meters, flow meters, level transmitters, dosing pumps, corrosion-resistant piping
化工循环冷却水Chemical circulating cooling water
化工循环冷却水：浓缩倍数控制与水质监测配置Chemical circulating cooling water: cycles-of-concentration control and monitoring
循环冷却水的核心是按浓缩倍数控制排污与加药，测量重点是电导率、pH、余氯与腐蚀结垢相关指标。Circulating cooling water is managed by controlling blowdown and dosing according to cycles of concentration; the key measurements are conductivity, pH, residual chlorine and scaling and corrosion related parameters.
核心测量点
- 电导率：用于计算浓缩倍数，是排污控制的主要依据；
- pH：与结垢与腐蚀倾向判断相关，配合加酸控制；
- 余氯或氧化性杀菌剂：用于微生物控制；
- 流量与液位：补水量、排污量与水池液位；
- 浊度：反映悬浮物与污垢情况。
选型要点
- 电导率仪需带温度补偿，并按浓缩倍数范围选择量程；
- 取样点应设在混合均匀的位置，避免死水区；
- 户外安装的仪表需关注防护等级与防晒防雨；
- 涉及爆炸性区域时，仪表与电气附件需按防爆要求选型。
常见配套
电导率仪、pH/ORP 仪表、余氯电极、电磁或超声波流量计、液位计、加药计量泵与控制器、安装支架与流通池、防爆电气附件。
说明：以下为典型工况与常见配置思路的整理，用于选型参考，不代表任何特定项目的业绩或承诺。实际配置需按现场水质、水量与排放要求确定。
Core measuring points
- Conductivity: used to derive cycles of concentration, the main basis for blowdown control.
- pH: linked to scaling and corrosion tendency and controlled with acid dosing.
- Residual chlorine or oxidising biocide: for microbiological control.
- Flow and level: make-up, blowdown and basin level.
- Turbidity: indicates suspended solids and fouling.
Selection points
- Conductivity needs temperature compensation and a range matched to the expected cycles of concentration.
- Sample from a well-mixed point, avoiding dead zones.
- Outdoor instruments need attention to ingress rating, sun and rain protection.
- In hazardous areas, select instruments and electrical accessories to the applicable Ex requirements.
Typical scope
Conductivity meters, pH/ORP instruments, chlorine electrodes, electromagnetic or ultrasonic flow meters, level transmitters, dosing pumps and controllers, brackets and flow cells, and Ex electrical accessories.
Note: the following is a summary of typical duties and common configuration approaches for selection reference. It does not represent the track record of any specific project or any commitment. Actual configuration must follow on-site water quality, flow and discharge requirements.
常见配套Typical scope电导率仪、pH/ORP 仪表、余氯电极、电磁/超声波流量计、液位计、加药计量泵、防爆附件Conductivity meters, pH/ORP instruments, chlorine electrodes, electromagnetic/ultrasonic flow meters, level transmitters, dosing pumps, Ex accessories
农村分散式污水处理Rural decentralised sewage treatment
农村分散式污水处理：小型站点的简化配置思路Rural decentralised sewage treatment: a simplified configuration approach for small sites
分散式站点规模小、运维人力少，配置原则是减少维护量、优先选稳定耐用且易更换的仪表。Decentralised sites are small and have little operating staff, so the principle is to minimise maintenance and prefer stable, durable, easily replaced instruments.
工况特点
- 处理规模小，水质水量波动大；
- 运维人员少，巡检周期长；
- 预算有限，倾向于简化配置。
选型要点
- 优先选择维护量小的测量方式（如荧光法溶解氧）；
- 关键参数保留 pH、溶解氧、液位与流量，其余可用便携式仪表定期检测；
- 优先选带自清洗与远程通信的仪表，减少现场巡检；
- 脱水设备优先选占地小、可连续运行、能处理低浓度污泥的机型；
- 户外安装需做好防护与防晒防雨。
常见配套
荧光法溶解氧仪、pH 仪表、超声波液位计、明渠或管道流量计、便携式多参数测定仪；小型叠螺式污泥脱水机与简易加药装置、控制柜与远程通信模块。
说明：以下为典型工况与常见配置思路的整理，用于选型参考，不代表任何特定项目的业绩或承诺。实际配置需按现场水质、水量与排放要求确定。
Duty characteristics
- Small scale with large variation in flow and load.
- Few operating staff and long inspection intervals.
- Limited budget, favouring simplified configurations.
Selection points
- Prefer low-maintenance methods such as optical dissolved oxygen.
- Keep pH, dissolved oxygen, level and flow online; measure the rest periodically with portable meters.
- Prefer instruments with self-cleaning and remote communication to cut site visits.
- Prefer dewatering machines with a small footprint, continuous operation and tolerance of low feed concentration.
- Provide protection against weather on outdoor installations.
Typical scope
Optical dissolved oxygen meters, pH instruments, ultrasonic level transmitters, open-channel or in-pipe flow meters and portable multi-parameter meters; compact screw-press dehydrators with simple dosing units, control cabinets and remote communication modules.
Note: the following is a summary of typical duties and common configuration approaches for selection reference. It does not represent the track record of any specific project or any commitment. Actual configuration must follow on-site water quality, flow and discharge requirements.
常见配套Typical scope荧光法溶解氧仪、pH 仪表、超声波液位计、流量计、便携式测定仪、小型叠螺脱水机、简易加药装置Optical DO meters, pH instruments, ultrasonic level transmitters, flow meters, portable meters, compact screw-press dehydrators, simple dosing units